--- a/net/minecraft/server/players/GameProfileCache.java
+++ b/net/minecraft/server/players/GameProfileCache.java
@@ -56,6 +_,10 @@
     private final AtomicLong operationCount = new AtomicLong();
     @Nullable
     private Executor executor;
+    // Paper start - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
+    protected final java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock stateLock = new java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock();
+    protected final java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock lookupLock = new java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock();
+    // Paper end - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
 
     public GameProfileCache(GameProfileRepository profileRepository, File file) {
         this.profileRepository = profileRepository;
@@ -64,10 +_,12 @@
     }
 
     private void safeAdd(GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo profile) {
+        try { this.stateLock.lock(); // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
         GameProfile profile1 = profile.getProfile();
         profile.setLastAccess(this.getNextOperation());
         this.profilesByName.put(profile1.getName().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT), profile);
         this.profilesByUUID.put(profile1.getId(), profile);
+        } finally { this.stateLock.unlock(); } // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
     }
 
     private static Optional<GameProfile> lookupGameProfile(GameProfileRepository profileRepo, String name) {
@@ -86,6 +_,8 @@
                     atomicReference.set(null);
                 }
             };
+            if (!org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.isBlank(name) // Paper - Don't lookup a profile with a blank name
+                && io.papermc.paper.configuration.GlobalConfiguration.get().proxies.isProxyOnlineMode()) // Paper - Add setting for proxy online mode status
             profileRepo.findProfilesByNames(new String[]{name}, profileLookupCallback);
             GameProfile gameProfile = atomicReference.get();
             return gameProfile != null ? Optional.of(gameProfile) : createUnknownProfile(name);
@@ -101,7 +_,7 @@
     }
 
     private static boolean usesAuthentication() {
-        return usesAuthentication;
+        return io.papermc.paper.configuration.GlobalConfiguration.get().proxies.isProxyOnlineMode(); // Paper - Add setting for proxy online mode status
     }
 
     public void add(GameProfile gameProfile) {
@@ -111,15 +_,29 @@
         Date time = instance.getTime();
         GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo gameProfileInfo = new GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo(gameProfile, time);
         this.safeAdd(gameProfileInfo);
-        this.save();
+        if(!org.spigotmc.SpigotConfig.saveUserCacheOnStopOnly) this.save(true); // Spigot - skip saving if disabled // Paper - Perf: Async GameProfileCache saving
     }
 
     private long getNextOperation() {
         return this.operationCount.incrementAndGet();
     }
 
+    // Paper start
+    public @Nullable GameProfile getProfileIfCached(String name) {
+        try { this.stateLock.lock(); // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
+        GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo entry = this.profilesByName.get(name.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT));
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        entry.setLastAccess(this.getNextOperation());
+        return entry.getProfile();
+        } finally { this.stateLock.unlock(); } // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
+    }
+    // Paper end
+
     public Optional<GameProfile> get(String name) {
         String string = name.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+        boolean stateLocked = true; try { this.stateLock.lock(); // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
         GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo gameProfileInfo = this.profilesByName.get(string);
         boolean flag = false;
         if (gameProfileInfo != null && new Date().getTime() >= gameProfileInfo.expirationDate.getTime()) {
@@ -133,19 +_,24 @@
         if (gameProfileInfo != null) {
             gameProfileInfo.setLastAccess(this.getNextOperation());
             optional = Optional.of(gameProfileInfo.getProfile());
+            stateLocked = false; this.stateLock.unlock(); // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
         } else {
-            optional = lookupGameProfile(this.profileRepository, string);
+            stateLocked = false; this.stateLock.unlock(); // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
+            try { this.lookupLock.lock(); // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
+            optional = lookupGameProfile(this.profileRepository, name); // CraftBukkit - use correct case for offline players
+            } finally { this.lookupLock.unlock(); } // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
             if (optional.isPresent()) {
                 this.add(optional.get());
                 flag = false;
             }
         }
 
-        if (flag) {
-            this.save();
+        if (flag && !org.spigotmc.SpigotConfig.saveUserCacheOnStopOnly) { // Spigot - skip saving if disabled
+            this.save(true); // Paper - Perf: Async GameProfileCache saving
         }
 
         return optional;
+        } finally { if (stateLocked) {  this.stateLock.unlock(); } } // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
     }
 
     public CompletableFuture<Optional<GameProfile>> getAsync(String name) {
@@ -157,7 +_,7 @@
                 return completableFuture;
             } else {
                 CompletableFuture<Optional<GameProfile>> completableFuture1 = CompletableFuture.<Optional<GameProfile>>supplyAsync(
-                        () -> this.get(name), Util.backgroundExecutor().forName("getProfile")
+                        () -> this.get(name), Util.PROFILE_EXECUTOR // Paper - don't submit BLOCKING PROFILE LOOKUPS to the world gen thread
                     )
                     .whenCompleteAsync((gameProfile, exception) -> this.requests.remove(name), this.executor);
                 this.requests.put(name, completableFuture1);
@@ -167,6 +_,7 @@
     }
 
     public Optional<GameProfile> get(UUID uuid) {
+        try { this.stateLock.lock(); // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
         GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo gameProfileInfo = this.profilesByUUID.get(uuid);
         if (gameProfileInfo == null) {
             return Optional.empty();
@@ -174,6 +_,7 @@
             gameProfileInfo.setLastAccess(this.getNextOperation());
             return Optional.of(gameProfileInfo.getProfile());
         }
+        } finally { this.stateLock.unlock(); } // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
     }
 
     public void setExecutor(Executor exectutor) {
@@ -206,6 +_,11 @@
 
             return (List<GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo>)var9;
         } catch (FileNotFoundException var7) {
+        // Spigot Start
+        } catch (com.google.gson.JsonSyntaxException | NullPointerException ex) {
+            GameProfileCache.LOGGER.warn( "Usercache.json is corrupted or has bad formatting. Deleting it to prevent further issues." );
+            this.file.delete();
+        // Spigot End
         } catch (JsonParseException | IOException var8) {
             LOGGER.warn("Failed to load profile cache {}", this.file, var8);
         }
@@ -213,24 +_,45 @@
         return list;
     }
 
-    public void save() {
+    public void save(boolean asyncSave) { // Paper - Perf: Async GameProfileCache saving
         JsonArray jsonArray = new JsonArray();
         DateFormat dateFormat = createDateFormat();
-        this.getTopMRUProfiles(1000).forEach(info -> jsonArray.add(writeGameProfile(info, dateFormat)));
+        this.listTopMRUProfiles(org.spigotmc.SpigotConfig.userCacheCap).forEach((info) -> jsonArray.add(writeGameProfile(info, dateFormat))); // Spigot // Paper - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
         String string = this.gson.toJson((JsonElement)jsonArray);
+        Runnable save = () -> { // Paper - Perf: Async GameProfileCache saving
 
         try (Writer writer = Files.newWriter(this.file, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
             writer.write(string);
         } catch (IOException var9) {
         }
+        // Paper start - Perf: Async GameProfileCache saving
+        };
+        if (asyncSave) {
+            io.papermc.paper.util.MCUtil.scheduleAsyncTask(save);
+        } else {
+            save.run();
+        }
+        // Paper end - Perf: Async GameProfileCache saving
     }
 
     private Stream<GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo> getTopMRUProfiles(int limit) {
-        return ImmutableList.copyOf(this.profilesByUUID.values())
-            .stream()
-            .sorted(Comparator.comparing(GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo::getLastAccess).reversed())
-            .limit(limit);
-    }
+       // Paper start - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
+       return this.listTopMRUProfiles(limit).stream();
+    }
+
+    private List<GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo> listTopMRUProfiles(int limit) {
+        try {
+            this.stateLock.lock();
+            return this.profilesByUUID.values()
+                .stream()
+                .sorted(Comparator.comparing(GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo::getLastAccess).reversed())
+                .limit(limit)
+                .toList();
+        } finally {
+            this.stateLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+    // Paper end - Fix GameProfileCache concurrency
 
     private static JsonElement writeGameProfile(GameProfileCache.GameProfileInfo profileInfo, DateFormat dateFormat) {
         JsonObject jsonObject = new JsonObject();