Boxing a service normally means using `tower::util::BoxService`. That
doesn't implement `Clone` however so normally I had been combining it
with `Buffer` to get that.
But recently I discovered https://github.com/dtolnay/dyn-clone which
makes it possible to clone trait objects. So this adds a new internal
utility called `CloneBoxService` which replaces the previous
`BoxService` + `Buffer` combo in `BoxRoute`.
I'll investigate upstreaming that to tower. I think it makes sense there
since box + clone is quite a common need.
## Motivation
Current `tls-rustls` example might be inconvenient for some people.
## Solution
Rename current example to `low-level-rustls` and add a high level example in its place.
- Overall:
- **fixed:** Overall compile time improvements. If you're having issues with compile time
please file an issue! ([#184](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/184)) ([#198](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/198)) ([#220](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/220))
- **changed:** Remove `prelude`. Explicit imports are now required ([#195](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/195))
- Routing:
- **added:** Add dedicated `Router` to replace the `RoutingDsl` trait ([#214](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/214))
- **added:** Add `Router::or` for combining routes ([#108](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/108))
- **fixed:** Support matching different HTTP methods for the same route that aren't defined
together. So `Router::new().route("/", get(...)).route("/", post(...))` now
accepts both `GET` and `POST`. Previously only `POST` would be accepted ([#224](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/224))
- **fixed:** `get` routes will now also be called for `HEAD` requests but will always have
the response body removed ([#129](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/129))
- **changed:** Replace `axum::route(...)` with `axum::Router::new().route(...)`. This means
there is now only one way to create a new router. Same goes for
`axum::routing::nest`. ([#215](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/215))
- **changed:** Implement `routing::MethodFilter` via [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) ([#158](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/158))
- **changed:** Move `handle_error` from `ServiceExt` to `service::OnMethod` ([#160](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/160))
With these changes this app using 0.1:
```rust
use axum::{extract::Extension, prelude::*, routing::BoxRoute, AddExtensionLayer};
let app = route("/", get(|| async { "hi" }))
.nest("/api", api_routes())
.layer(AddExtensionLayer::new(state));
fn api_routes() -> BoxRoute<Body> {
route(
"/users",
post(|Extension(state): Extension<State>| async { "hi from nested" }),
)
.boxed()
}
```
Becomes this in 0.2:
```rust
use axum::{
extract::Extension,
handler::{get, post},
routing::BoxRoute,
Router,
};
let app = Router::new()
.route("/", get(|| async { "hi" }))
.nest("/api", api_routes());
fn api_routes() -> Router<BoxRoute> {
Router::new()
.route(
"/users",
post(|Extension(state): Extension<State>| async { "hi from nested" }),
)
.boxed()
}
```
- Extractors:
- **added:** Make `FromRequest` default to being generic over `body::Body` ([#146](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/146))
- **added:** Implement `std::error::Error` for all rejections ([#153](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/153))
- **added:** Add `OriginalUri` for extracting original request URI in nested services ([#197](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/197))
- **added:** Implement `FromRequest` for `http::Extensions` ([#169](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/169))
- **added:** Make `RequestParts::{new, try_into_request}` public so extractors can be used outside axum ([#194](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/194))
- **added:** Implement `FromRequest` for `axum::body::Body` ([#241](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/241))
- **changed:** Removed `extract::UrlParams` and `extract::UrlParamsMap`. Use `extract::Path` instead ([#154](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/154))
- **changed:** `extractor_middleware` now requires `RequestBody: Default` ([#167](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/167))
- **changed:** Convert `RequestAlreadyExtracted` to an enum with each possible error variant ([#167](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/167))
- **changed:** `extract::BodyStream` is no longer generic over the request body ([#234](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/234))
- **changed:** `extract::Body` has been renamed to `extract::RawBody` to avoid conflicting with `body::Body` ([#233](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/233))
- **changed:** `RequestParts` changes ([#153](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/153))
- `method` new returns an `&http::Method`
- `method_mut` new returns an `&mut http::Method`
- `take_method` has been removed
- `uri` new returns an `&http::Uri`
- `uri_mut` new returns an `&mut http::Uri`
- `take_uri` has been removed
- **changed:** Remove several rejection types that were no longer used ([#153](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/153)) ([#154](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/154))
- Responses:
- **added:** Add `Headers` for easily customizing headers on a response ([#193](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/193))
- **added:** Add `Redirect` response ([#192](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/192))
- **added:** Add `body::StreamBody` for easily responding with a stream of byte chunks ([#237](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/237))
- **changed:** Add associated `Body` and `BodyError` types to `IntoResponse`. This is
required for returning responses with bodies other than `hyper::Body` from
handlers. See the docs for advice on how to implement `IntoResponse` ([#86](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/86))
- **changed:** `tower::util::Either` no longer implements `IntoResponse` ([#229](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/229))
This `IntoResponse` from 0.1:
```rust
use axum::{http::Response, prelude::*, response::IntoResponse};
struct MyResponse;
impl IntoResponse for MyResponse {
fn into_response(self) -> Response<Body> {
Response::new(Body::empty())
}
}
```
Becomes this in 0.2:
```rust
use axum::{body::Body, http::Response, response::IntoResponse};
struct MyResponse;
impl IntoResponse for MyResponse {
type Body = Body;
type BodyError = <Self::Body as axum::body::HttpBody>::Error;
fn into_response(self) -> Response<Self::Body> {
Response::new(Body::empty())
}
}
```
- SSE:
- **added:** Add `response::sse::Sse`. This implements SSE using a response rather than a service ([#98](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/98))
- **changed:** Remove `axum::sse`. Its been replaced by `axum::response::sse` ([#98](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/98))
Handler using SSE in 0.1:
```rust
use axum::{
prelude::*,
sse::{sse, Event},
};
use std::convert::Infallible;
let app = route(
"/",
sse(|| async {
let stream = futures::stream::iter(vec![Ok::<_, Infallible>(
Event::default().data("hi there!"),
)]);
Ok::<_, Infallible>(stream)
}),
);
```
Becomes this in 0.2:
```rust
use axum::{
handler::get,
response::sse::{Event, Sse},
Router,
};
use std::convert::Infallible;
let app = Router::new().route(
"/",
get(|| async {
let stream = futures::stream::iter(vec![Ok::<_, Infallible>(
Event::default().data("hi there!"),
)]);
Sse::new(stream)
}),
);
```
- WebSockets:
- **changed:** Change WebSocket API to use an extractor plus a response ([#121](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/121))
- **changed:** Make WebSocket `Message` an enum ([#116](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/116))
- **changed:** `WebSocket` now uses `Error` as its error type ([#150](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/150))
Handler using WebSockets in 0.1:
```rust
use axum::{
prelude::*,
ws::{ws, WebSocket},
};
let app = route(
"/",
ws(|socket: WebSocket| async move {
// do stuff with socket
}),
);
```
Becomes this in 0.2:
```rust
use axum::{
extract::ws::{WebSocket, WebSocketUpgrade},
handler::get,
Router,
};
let app = Router::new().route(
"/",
get(|ws: WebSocketUpgrade| async move {
ws.on_upgrade(|socket: WebSocket| async move {
// do stuff with socket
})
}),
);
```
- Misc
- **added:** Add default feature `tower-log` which exposes `tower`'s `log` feature. ([#218](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/218))
- **changed:** Replace `body::BoxStdError` with `axum::Error`, which supports downcasting ([#150](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/150))
- **changed:** `EmptyRouter` now requires the response body to implement `Send + Sync + 'static'` ([#108](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/108))
- **changed:** `Router::check_infallible` now returns a `CheckInfallible` service. This
is to improve compile times ([#198](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/198))
- **changed:** `Router::into_make_service` now returns `routing::IntoMakeService` rather than
`tower::make::Shared` ([#229](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/229))
- **changed:** All usage of `tower::BoxError` has been replaced with `axum::BoxError` ([#229](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/229))
- **changed:** Several response future types have been moved into dedicated
`future` modules ([#133](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/133))
- **changed:** `EmptyRouter`, `ExtractorMiddleware`, `ExtractorMiddlewareLayer`,
and `QueryStringMissing` no longer implement `Copy` ([#132](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/132))
- **changed:** `service::OnMethod`, `handler::OnMethod`, and `routing::Nested` have new response future types ([#157](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/157))
I just had a thought: Why should `response::Headers` be generic, but
`body::StreamBody` should not? `StreamBody` previously boxed the stream
to erase the generics. So we had `response::Headers<T>` but
`body::StreamBody`, without generics.
After thinking about it I think it actually makes sense for responses to
remain generic because you're able to use `impl IntoResponse` so you
don't have to name the generics.
Whereas in the case of `BodyStream` (an extractor) you cannot use `impl Trait`
so it makes sense to box the inner body to make the type easier to name. Besides,
`BodyStream` is mostly useful when the request body isn't `hyper::Body`, as
that already implements `Stream`.
This adds `StreamBody` which converts a `Stream` of `Bytes` into a `http_body::Body`.
---
As suggested by Kestrer on Discord it would make sense for axum to provide different kinds of body types other than `Empty`, `Full`, and `hyper::Body`. There is also some talk about [splitting up `hyper::Body`](https://github.com/hyperium/hyper/issues/2345) so this can be seen as getting started on that effort. axum's body types could be moved to hyper or http-body if thats the direction we decide on.
The types I'm thinking about adding are:
- `StreamBody`- added in this PR
- `AsyncReadBody` - similar to [http-body#41](https://github.com/hyperium/http-body/pull/41/files)
- `ChannelBody` - similar to `hyper::Body::channel`
I think `BodyStream` is more useful without being generic over the
request body.
I'm also looking into adding a response body from a stream called
`StreamBody` which will work pretty much opposite to this.
I haven't been able to find a proper solution for #89 so for now I think
we should document the issue and move on with shipping 0.2.
Part of https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/issues/89
This removes a small foot gun from the routing.
This means matching different HTTP methods for the same route that
aren't defined together now works.
So `Router::new().route("/", get(...)).route("/", post(...))` now
accepts both `GET` and `POST`. Previously only `POST` would be accepted.
This improves compiles further when using lots of nested routes. Such as
the example posted
[here](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/issues/200#issuecomment-902541073).
It seems rustc is really slow at checking bounds on these kinds of
intermediate builder methods. Should probably file an issue about that.
This way there is now only one way to create a router:
```rust
use axum::{Router, handler::get};
let app = Router::new()
.route("/foo", get(handler))
.route("/foo", get(handler));
```
`nest` was changed in the same way:
```rust
use axum::Router;
let app = Router::new().nest("/foo", service);
```
It was removed as part of https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/pull/184 but
I do actually think it has some utility. So makes sense to keep even if
axum doesn't use it directly for routing.
