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Mastodon builds around the idea of being a server first, rather than a client itself. Similarly to how a XMPP chat server communicates with others and with its own clients, Mastodon takes care of federation to other networks, like other Mastodon or GNU Social instances. So Mastodon provides a REST API, and a 3rd-party app system for using it via OAuth2.
Once logged in on Mastodon, you can go to Authorized Apps -> Register new app here. You can create a new OAuth application, and once you do so, you will get a Client ID and a Client Secret. You can use those with an OAuth client library of your choice, but in this example we want to just use the API over cURL.
From these two, you will need to acquire an access token. It is possible to do using your account's e-mail and password like this:
curl -X POST -d "client_id=CLIENT_ID_HEREclient_secret=CLIENT_SECRET_HERE&grant_type=password&username=YOUR_EMAIL&password=YOUR_PASSWORD" -Ss https://mastodon.social/oauth/token
The response will be a JSON object containing the key `access_token`. Use that token in any API requests by setting a header like this:
curl --header "Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN_HERE" -sS https://mastodon.social/api/statuses/home