teloxide

A full-featured framework that empowers you to easily build Telegram bots using the async/.await syntax in Rust. It handles all the difficult stuff so you can focus only on your business logic.

Table of contents

• Highlights
• Setting up your environment
• API overview
  • The dices bot
  • Commands
  • Dialogues management
• Recommendations
• Cargo features
• FAQ
• Community bots
• Contributing

Highlights

• Functioal reactive design. teloxide has functional reactive design, allowing you to declaratively manipulate streams of updates from Telegram using filters, maps, folds, zips, and a lot of other adaptors.

• Persistence. Dialogues management is independent of how/where dialogues are stored: you can just replace one line and make them persistent. Out-of-the-box storages include Redis.

• Strongly typed bot commands. You can describe bot commands as enumerations, and then they'll be automatically constructed from strings. Just like you describe JSON structures in serde-json and command-line arguments in structopt.

Setting up your environment

1. Download Rust.
2. Create a new bot using @Botfather to get a token in the format 123456789:blablabla.
3. Initialise the TELOXIDE_TOKEN environmental variable to your token:

# Unix-like
$ export TELOXIDE_TOKEN=<Your token here>

# Windows
$ set TELOXIDE_TOKEN=<Your token here>

4. Be sure that you are up to date:

# If you're using stable
$ rustup update stable
$ rustup override set stable

# If you're using nightly
$ rustup update nightly
$ rustup override set nightly

5. Execute cargo new my_bot, enter the directory and put these lines into your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
teloxide = "0.2.0"
teloxide-macros = "0.3.2"

log = "0.4.8"
pretty_env_logger = "0.4.0"

tokio = "0.2.11"
futures = "0.3.5"

API overview

The dices bot

This bot throws a dice on each incoming message:

(Full)

use teloxide::prelude::*;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    teloxide::enable_logging!();
    log::info!("Starting dices_bot...");

    let bot = Bot::from_env();

    Dispatcher::new(bot)
        .messages_handler(|rx: DispatcherHandlerRx<Message>| {
            rx.for_each(|message| async move {
                message.send_dice().send().await.log_on_error().await;
            })
        })
        .dispatch()
        .await;
}

Commands

Commands are strongly typed and defined declaratively, similar to how we define CLI using structopt and JSON structures in serde-json. The following bot accepts these commands:

• /username <your username>
• /usernameandage <your username> <your age>
• /help

(Full)

// Imports are omitted...

#[derive(BotCommand)]
#[command(rename = "lowercase", description = "These commands are supported:")]
enum Command {
    #[command(description = "display this text.")]
    Help,
    #[command(description = "handle a username.")]
    Username(String),
    #[command(description = "handle a username and an age.", parse_with = "split")]
    UsernameAndAge { username: String, age: u8 },
}

async fn answer(cx: UpdateWithCx<Message>, command: Command) -> ResponseResult<()> {
    match command {
        Command::Help => cx.answer(Command::descriptions()).send().await?,
        Command::Username(username) => {
            cx.answer_str(format!("Your username is @{}.", username)).await?
        }
        Command::UsernameAndAge { username, age } => {
            cx.answer_str(format!("Your username is @{} and age is {}.", username, age)).await?
        }
    };

    Ok(())
}

async fn handle_commands(rx: DispatcherHandlerRx<Message>) {
    rx.commands::<Command, &str>(panic!("Insert here your bot's name"))
        .for_each_concurrent(None, |(cx, command)| async move {
            answer(cx, command).await.log_on_error().await;
        })
        .await;
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    // Setup is omitted...
}

Dialogues management

A dialogue is described by an enumeration, where each variant is one of possible dialogue's states. There are also subtransition functions, which turn a dialogue from one state to another, thereby forming a FSM.

Below is a bot, which asks you three questions and then sends the answers back to you. First, let's start with an enumeration (a collection of our dialogue's states):

(dialogue_bot/src/dialogue/mod.rs)

// Imports are omitted...

#[derive(Transition, From)]
pub enum Dialogue {
    Start(StartState),
    ReceiveFullName(ReceiveFullNameState),
    ReceiveAge(ReceiveAgeState),
    ReceiveLocation(ReceiveLocationState),
}

impl Default for Dialogue {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::Start(StartState)
    }
}

When a user sends a message to our bot, and such a dialogue does not yet exist, Dialogue::default() is invoked, which is Dialogue::Start. Every time a message is received, an associated dialogue is extracted, and then passed to a corresponding subtransition function:

Dialogue::Start

(dialogue_bot/src/dialogue/states/start.rs)

// Imports are omitted...

pub struct StartState;

#[teloxide(subtransition)]
async fn start(_state: StartState, cx: TransitionIn, _ans: String) -> TransitionOut<Dialogue> {
    cx.answer_str("Let's start! What's your full name?").await?;
    next(ReceiveFullNameState)
}

Dialogue::ReceiveFullName

(dialogue_bot/src/dialogue/states/receive_full_name.rs)

// Imports are omitted...

#[derive(Generic)]
pub struct ReceiveFullNameState;

#[teloxide(subtransition)]
async fn receive_full_name(
    state: ReceiveFullNameState,
    cx: TransitionIn,
    ans: String,
) -> TransitionOut<Dialogue> {
    cx.answer_str("How old are you?").await?;
    next(ReceiveAgeState::up(state, ans))
}

Dialogue::ReceiveAge

(dialogue_bot/src/dialogue/states/receive_age.rs)

// Imports are omitted...

#[derive(Generic)]
pub struct ReceiveAgeState {
    pub full_name: String,
}

#[teloxide(subtransition)]
async fn receive_age_state(
    state: ReceiveAgeState,
    cx: TransitionIn,
    ans: String,
) -> TransitionOut<Dialogue> {
    match ans.parse::<u8>() {
        Ok(ans) => {
            cx.answer_str("What's your location?").await?;
            next(ReceiveLocationState::up(state, ans))
        }
        _ => {
            cx.answer_str("Send me a number.").await?;
            next(state)
        }
    }
}

Dialogue::ReceiveLocation

(dialogue_bot/src/dialogue/states/receive_location.rs)

// Imports are omitted...

#[derive(Generic)]
pub struct ReceiveLocationState {
    pub full_name: String,
    pub age: u8,
}

#[teloxide(subtransition)]
async fn receive_location(
    state: ReceiveLocationState,
    cx: TransitionIn,
    ans: String,
) -> TransitionOut<Dialogue> {
    cx.answer_str(format!("Full name: {}\nAge: {}\nLocation: {}", state.full_name, state.age, ans))
        .await?;
    exit()
}

All these subtransitions accept a corresponding state (one of the many variants of Dialogue), a context, and a textual message. They return TransitionOut<Dialogue>, e.g. a mapping from <your state type> to Dialogue.

Finally, the main function looks like this:

(dialogue_bot/src/main.rs)

// Imports are omitted...

type In = DialogueWithCx<Message, Dialogue, Infallible>;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    teloxide::enable_logging!();
    log::info!("Starting dialogue_bot...");

    let bot = Bot::from_env();

    Dispatcher::new(bot)
        .messages_handler(DialogueDispatcher::new(
            |DialogueWithCx { cx, dialogue }: In| async move {
                let dialogue = dialogue.expect("std::convert::Infallible");
                handle_message(cx, dialogue).await.expect("Something wrong with the bot!")
            },
        ))
        .dispatch()
        .await;
}

async fn handle_message(cx: UpdateWithCx<Message>, dialogue: Dialogue) -> TransitionOut<Dialogue> {
    match cx.update.text_owned() {
        None => {
            cx.answer_str("Send me a text message.").await?;
            next(dialogue)
        }
        Some(ans) => dialogue.react(cx, ans).await,
    }
}

More examples!

Recommendations

• Use this pattern:

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    run().await;
}

async fn run() {
    // Your logic here...
}

Instead of this:

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    // Your logic here...
}

The second one produces very strange compiler messages because of the #[tokio::main] macro. However, the examples in this README use the second variant for brevity.

Cargo features

• redis-storage -- enables the Redis support.
• cbor-serializer -- enables the CBOR serializer for dialogues.
• bincode-serializer -- enables the Bincode serializer for dialogues.
• frunk -- enables teloxide::utils::UpState, which allows mapping from a structure of field1, ..., fieldN to a structure of field1, ..., fieldN, fieldN+1.

FAQ

Q: Where I can ask questions?

A: Issues is a good place for well-formed questions, for example, about:

• the library design;
• enhancements;
• bug reports;
• ...

If you can't compile your bot due to compilation errors and need quick help, feel free to ask in our official Telegram group.

Q: Do you support the Telegram API for clients?

A: No, only the bots API.

Q: Why Rust?

A: Most programming languages have their own implementations of Telegram bots frameworks, so why not Rust? We think Rust provides enough good ecosystem and the language itself to be suitable for writing bots.

Q: Can I use webhooks?

A: teloxide doesn't provide special API for working with webhooks due to their nature with lots of subtle settings. Instead, you setup your webhook by yourself, as shown in examples/ngrok_ping_pong_bot and examples/heroku_ping_pong_bot.

Associated links:

• Marvin's Marvellous Guide to All Things Webhook
• Using self-signed certificates

Q: Can I use different loggers?

A: Yes. You can setup any logger, for example, fern, e.g. teloxide has no specific requirements as it depends only on log. Remember that enable_logging! and enable_logging_with_filter! are just optional utilities.

Community bots

Feel free to push your own bot into our collection!

• Rust subreddit reader
• vzmuinebot -- Telegram bot for food menu navigate
• Tepe -- A CLI to command a bot to send messages and files over Telegram

Contributing

See CONRIBUTING.md.